Ecosystem responses to climate change

Climate shapes organisms and ecosystem processes, yet ecosystems in turn influence climate by storing carbon and regulating water and energy. We integrate controlled experiments, long-term records and field monitoring, remote sensing, and modelling to quantify the sensitivity, resilience, and adaptive capacity of soils, waters, and plant, animal, and microbial communities. We investigate critical thresholds and climate–biosphere feedbacks, and develop nature-based solutions to mitigate impacts and strengthen adaptation. Our evidence underpins robust predictions and sustainable management and conservation strategies from local to global scales.